食用菌产业发展对农业循环经济的影响

针对我国食用菌产业发展对农业循环经济的影响问题,提出了食用菌产业转变生产方式、实施专业化分工协作,以节约经济运行成本;在分析成本效益的基础上,建立了食用菌产业发展的影响因素评价体系,对农业循环经济发展过程中的多种复杂影响因素进行科学评价,重点评价了经济发展的可持续性、经济性和环保性三个影响因素。该评价体系对我国食用菌产业发展对农业循环经济的影响因素做出科学的评价,能够辅助相关政府部门进行经济决策。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

台湾地区乡村创业政策对于大陆乡村的启示

【目的/意义】通过研究台湾和大陆乡村的创业政策,积极探索自上而下的国家战略和自下而上的实际需求相互结合的乡村创业政策制定方法,为实现乡村振兴提供参考。【方法/过程】该文采用政策梳理、总结与对比的研究方法,对大陆乡村创客政策进行分析,总结其相关特点和问题。同时,梳理台湾地区乡村创客政策类型和特点,总结其在乡建人才的长效吸引、有认同性的活动策划及政策的长效跟踪等方面的可借鉴经验。【结果/结论】研究结果表明:创业政策有明确恰当的导向是创业成功的基础,而政策对人长期的吸引是振兴的迫切需求,由活动带动建设是活力重塑的关键,政策的长效跟踪是有效实施的保障。     

CAD/CAM应用软件的选型

CAD/CAM应用越来越广泛,但对于CAD/CAM应用软件的选型是一些设计人员及企业面临的问题,文章介绍了CAD/CAM软件系统的组成,CAD/CVM应用软件的选型要素,企业选型时应注意的事项.     

3种水质调控方式下刺参池塘初级生产力的周年变化

通过对自然纳潮、微孔曝气、养水机池塘不同水层初级生产力及其相关参数的研究,分析养水机对初级生产力的影响。结果表明,3种水质调控方式池塘,初级生产力年均值、P/R值均以养水机池塘最高,微孔曝气池塘次之,自然纳潮池塘最低。养水机池塘、微孔曝气池塘、自然纳潮池塘的初级生产力年均值分别为(6.22±0.54)、(5.37±0.60)、(4.69±0.53) gO_2/(m~2·d)。3种水质调控方式下,养水机池塘30～50 cm水层和50～100cm水层初级生产力差异不显著,而微孔曝气池塘和自然纳潮池塘这两水层之间初级生产力差异显著,且养水机池塘50～100 cm的水层初级生产力显著高于微孔曝气和自然纳潮池塘。研究表明,养水机能显著提高刺参池塘50 cm以下水层的初级生产力,缩小上层和下层初级生产力之间的差距,从而提高池塘水体总初级生产力,为刺参饵料和池塘物质快速循环提供基本保障。     

温室无线智能水表物联网应用系统

针对目前农村温室用水管理中存在的问题,设计了一种温室无线智能水表物联网应用系统。该系统主要用于温室用水的无线抄表管理,无线充值以及阀门的远程控制。利用互联网或GPRS网络将各个村镇的温室水表用水数据发送到用水管理中心,实现了远程用水查询和统计分析的功能。介绍了该系统的总体架构,并对各个组成部分的功能、原理及实现方法进行了详细论述。目前该系统已在北京部分区县进行了示范,效果良好。     

底盘测功机等效汽车质量测试方法研究

提出了在用车工况法尾气排放测试系统中底盘测功机转动惯量的汽车等效质量的可溯源的测试方法。同美国BAR 97提供的测试方法进行了对比测试和分析,指出了BAR 97方法的不足,提高了底盘测功机加载滑行测试的准确度。     

Soil salinity related to physical soil characteristics and irrigation management in four Mediterranean irrigation districts

Irrigated agriculture is threatened by soil salinity in numerous arid and semiarid areas of the Mediterranean basin. The objective of this work was to quantify soil salinity through electromagnetic induction (EMI) techniques and relate it to the physical characteristics and irrigation management of four Mediterranean irrigation districts located in Morocco, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey. The volume and salinity of the main water inputs (irrigation and precipitation) and outputs (crop evapotranspiration and drainage) were measured or estimated in each district. Soil salinity (EC_e) maps were obtained through electromagnetic induction surveys (EC_a readings) and district-specific EC_a-EC_e calibrations. Gravimetric soil water content (WC) and soil saturation percentage (SP) were also measured in the soil calibration samples. The EC_a-EC_e calibration equations were highly significant (P < 0.001) in all districts. EC_a was not significantly correlated (P > 0.1) with WC, and was only significantly correlated (P < 0.1) with soil texture (estimated by SP) in Spain. Hence, EC_a mainly depended upon EC_e, so that the maps developed could be used effectively to assess soil salinity and its spatial variability. The surface-weighted average EC_e values were low to moderate, and ranked the districts in the order: Tunisia (3.4 dS m⁻¹) > Morocco (2.2 dS m⁻¹) > Spain (1.4 dS m⁻¹) > Turkey (0.45 dS m⁻¹). Soil salinity was mainly affected by irrigation water salinity and irrigation efficiency. Drainage water salinity at the exit of each district was mostly affected by soil salinity and irrigation efficiency, with values very high in Tunisia (9.0 dS m⁻¹), high in Spain (4.6 dS m⁻¹), moderate in Morocco (estimated at 2.6 dS m⁻¹), and low in Turkey (1.4 dS m⁻¹). Salt loads in drainage waters, calculated from their salinity (EC_dw) and volume (Q), were highest in Tunisia (very high Q and very high EC_dw), intermediate in Turkey (extremely high Q and low EC_dw) and lowest in Spain (very low Q and high EC_dw) (there were no Q data for Morocco). Reduction of these high drainage volumes through sound irrigation management would be the most efficient way to control the off-site salt-pollution caused by these Mediterranean irrigation districts.     

世界家兔种业发展现状初探

家兔种业是家兔产业发展基础的核心、发展水平的标志,是促进兔业长期稳定发展的根本。综述了国外家兔品种资源、种业实体类型、品种选育及对我国家兔种业发展的认识与思考。     

台风“利奇马”暴雨引发的土壤侵蚀调查研究——以山东省临朐县为例

[目的]实地调查极端降雨事件下的土壤侵蚀特征,探寻水土流失治理中存在的问题,为人类应对极端天气灾害提供科学依据。[方法]以受2019年8月9号台风"利奇马"暴雨影响较大的山东省临朐县为调查区域,采用资料分析与野外调查相结合的方法,分析曾家沟、耿家沟典型小流域的坡面侵蚀、道路侵蚀及弥河上游各级河道的冲淤情况。[结果]"利奇马"台风过境期间,暴雨中心的雨量站降雨量达到50 a一遇标准;林草地、撂荒地基本无细沟侵蚀发生,坡耕地细沟侵蚀模数为4 560～19 500 t/km~2,梯田田面上细沟集中于承接上方汇水的位置;受植被保护或石坎梯田的田坎完好,而其他类型田坎滑塌严重。调查样地滑塌侵蚀模数301～36 321 t/km~2,田坎滑塌最为严重;河岸尤其是弯顶处冲刷严重,河道回流区、两河交汇处、拦河坝以及桥梁上游等淤积量较大。[结论]小流域的水土保持措施可减少暴雨造成的土壤侵蚀量。建议针对不同部位和利用类型的土地设计修建适宜的蓄排水和保土措施,并加强对农民的水土保持型农艺培训,提升极端暴雨下的水土流失防灾减灾能力。